Factors Affecting Personal Hearing Protector (PHP) Use Among Industrial Workers: Development and Validation of the Questionnaire
Main Article Content
Keywords
Personal hearing protectors, Industrial workers, Noise exposure, Questionnaire Development
Abstract
Personal hearing protectors (PHPs) used by industrial workers have already been a preferred measure in various industrial sectors that have issues with excessive noise exposure. Although personal hearing protectors (PHPs) are widely provided across industrial workplaces, actual worker compliance with their consistent and correct use remains notably low. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a valid measure to evaluate factors affecting PHP use among industrial workers in Malaysia. A questionnaire was developed on the factors affecting PHP use among industrial workers in Malaysia. The questionnaire comprised several items and was created using a systematic, thorough process consisting of three stages: (i) formulating items, (ii) translating them back-to-back, and (iii) subjecting them to expert content assessment by six (6) panels of experts. The questionnaire constructs and items were evaluated for content validity and reliability. The content validity score for each item was considered satisfactory. The Cronbach’s alpha was 0.940, indicating high overall internal consistency. The domain coefficients were as follows: interpersonal influence, 0.899; perceived severity, 0.902; perceived benefit, 0.868; perceived barrier, 0.893; perceived self-efficacy, 0.879; cues to action, 0.815; and use of PHP, 0.840. The domain coefficients demonstrated good to high internal consistency, ranging from 0.815 (cues to action) to 0.902 (perceived severity). This study shows that the questionnaire on factors affecting PHP use among industrial workers is valid and well-structured. Therefore, this study provides a valid and reliable tool for assessing factors influencing PHP use, which can inform the planning of targeted noise management programs.
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References
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[22] A. Wahab and M. Hamidi, “COVID-19 pandemic and the changing views of mobility: the case of Nepal–Malaysia migration corridor,” Comp. Migr. Stud., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 1–19, 2022, doi: 10.1186/s40878-022-00320-1.
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[28] R. Neitzel, H. Meischke, W. E. Daniell, M. Trabeau, S. Somers, and N. S. Seixas, “Development and pilot test of hearing conservation training for construction workers,” American Journal of Industrial Medicine, vol. 51, pp. 120–129, 2008, doi: 10.1002/ajim.20531.
[29] G. H. Saunders, M. T. Frederick, S. Silverman, and M. Papesh, “Application of the health belief model: Development of the hearing beliefs questionnaire (HBQ) and its associations with hearing health behaviors,” Int. J. Audiol., vol. 52, no. 8, pp. 558–567, 2013, doi: 10.3109/14992027.2013.791030.
[30] N. Tantranont, K. & Codchanak, “Predictors of Hearing Protection Use Among Industrial Workers,” Workplace Health Saf., pp. 1–7, 2017, doi: 10.1177/2165079917693019.
[31] O. S. Hong, S. L. Lusk, and D. L. Ronis, “Ethnic differences in predictors of hearing protection behavior between Black and White workers.,” Res. Theory Nurs. Pract., vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 63–76, 2005, doi: 10.1891/rtnp.19.1.63.66339.
[32] O. Doutres, J. Terroir, C. Jolly, C. Gauvin, L. Martin, and A. Negrini, “Toward a Holistic Model Explaining Hearing Protection Device Use among Workers,” Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, vol. 19, no. 9, 2022, doi: 10.3390/ijerph19095578.
[33] O. Hong, D. L. Chin, and D. L. Ronis, “Predictors of Hearing Protection Behavior Among Firefighters in the United States,” Int. J. Behav. Med., vol. 20, pp. 121–130, 2013, doi: 10.1007/s12529-011-9207-0.
[34] D. L. Ronis, O. Hong, and S. L. Lusk, “Comparison of the Original and Revised Structures of the Health Promotion Model in Predicting Construction Workers ’ Use of Hearing Protection,” pp. 3–17, 2006, doi: 10.1002/nur.
[35] M. A. Pender, N. J. Murdaugh, and C. L. Parsons, Health Promotion in Nursing Practice, 7th ed. Norwalk, CT: Appleton & Lange, 2015.
[36] I. M. Rosenstock, “Historical Origins of the Health Belief Model,” Heal. Educ. Behav., vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 328–335, 1974, doi: 10.1177/109019817400200403.
[37] E. Taban, M. Yazdani Aval, O. Ahmadi, M. Miri, M. Fereidan, M. Rostami Aghdam Shendi, “Study of Personal Hearing Protection Devices Usage in Kashan Carpet Industry Workers,” Heal. Scope, vol. 5, no. 4, 2016, doi: 10.17795/jhealthscope-35250.
[38] M. C. Mccullagh, T. Banerjee, J. J. Cohen, M. A. and Yang, “Effects of interventions on use of hearing protectors among farm operators : A randomized controlled trial Effects of interventions on use of hearing protectors among farm operators : A randomized controlled trial,” Int. J. Audiol., vol. 55, pp. 3–12, 2016, doi: 10.3109/14992027.2015.1122239.
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Dec 31, 2025
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N. S. Fauzan, E. H. Sukadarin, M. Widia, and M. F. Zainal Abidin, “Factors Affecting Personal Hearing Protector (PHP) Use Among Industrial Workers: Development and Validation of the Questionnaire”, J. Optimasi Sist. Ind., vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 286–304, Dec. 2025.
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