A Comparison of Hand Grip Strength Among Healthy Young Adult Malaysian and Thai Women
Main Article Content
Keywords
Hand grip strength, young adult women, Malaysia, Thailand, anthropometric variables, cross-sectional study
Abstract
Hand grip strength (HGS) is a well-known parameter of physical capability, clinical health status, and functional work performance. However, the scarcity of standardized, region-specific HGS data for Southeast Asian populations restricts the accuracy of health screening practices and the development of ergonomics and occupational safety guidelines. The aim of this study was to measure the dominant-hand HGS for healthy young adult women of Malaysia and Thailand, to compare the HGS of these two groups of women, and to investigate the relationship between age and anthropometric variables and the HGS. Researchers conducted a cross-sectional study involving 166 healthy women aged 20 to 39 years. This study recruited 92 participants from Malaysia and 74 from Thailand, primarily from university students and staff populations. Dominant-hand HGS was measured using a Jamar dynamometer (Sammons Preston, USA) while participants adopted a standardized standing position with the forearm in a neutral posture. Thai women demonstrated significantly greater mean HGS than Malaysian women (27.31 ± 6.96 kg vs. 23.64 ± 4.67 kg; p < 0.001), corresponding to an approximately 16% difference and a medium-to-large effect size (Cohen’s d = 0.63). Among Thai participants, HGS was significantly associated with palm circumference (r = 0.544), height, weight, and age. These variables collectively explained 44.8% of the variation in HGS. In contrast, only height showed a modest association with HGS among Malaysian participants. Meanwhile, the corresponding regression model demonstrated limited explanatory capability. These findings reveal population-specific differences in both HGS and its anthropometric correlates when assessed under standardized testing conditions. The study provides protocol-specific, preliminary reference data for healthy young adult Malaysian and Thai women, which may inform future development of validated, population-specific reference standards. By generating population-specific reference data, this study contributes to improving the accuracy and equity of health monitoring practices, in line with the objectives of United Nations SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being).
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References
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[3] J. Huang, X. Wang, H. Zhu, D. Huang, W. Li, J. Wang, and Z. Liu, “Association between grip strength and cognitive impairment in older American adults,” Front. Mol. Neurosci., vol. 15, p. 973700, 2022, doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.973700.
[4] R. McGrath, B. M. Vincent, D. A. Jurivich, K. J. Hackney, G. R. Tomkinson, L. J. Dahl, and B. C. Clark, “Handgrip strength asymmetry and weakness together are associated with functional disability in aging Americans,” J. Gerontol. A, vol. 76, no. 2, pp. 291–296, 2021, doi: 10.1093/gerona/glaa100.
[5] P. Lopez-Jaramillo, J. P. Lopez-Lopez, M. C. Tole, and D. D. Cohen, “Muscular strength in risk factors for cardiovascular disease and mortality: a narrative review,” Anatol. J. Cardiol., vol. 26, no. 8, p. 598, 2022, doi: 10.5152/AnatolJCardiol.2022.1586.
[6] R. López-Bueno et al., “Associations of handgrip strength with all-cause and cancer mortality in older adults: a prospective cohort study in 28 countries,” Age Ageing, vol. 51, no. 5, p. afac117, 2022, doi: 10.1093/ageing/afac117.
[7] M. D. Alam and I. A. Khan, “Relation between grip force, ergonomic interventions, and task performance: a review,” Int. J. Interact. Des. Manuf., pp. 1–31, 2024.
[8] J. Jacquier-Bret and P. Gorce, “Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorder Prevalence by Body Area Among Nurses in Asia: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,” Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, vol. 22, no. 4, p. 652, 2025, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22040652.
[9] M. T. Huemer et al., “Grip strength values and cut-off points based on over 200,000 adults of the German National Cohort—a comparison to the EWGSOP2 cut-off points,” Age Ageing, vol. 52, no. 1, p. afac324, 2023, doi: 10.1093/ageing/afac324.
[10] H. He et al., “Normative values of hand grip strength in a large unselected Chinese population: Evidence from the China National Health Survey,” J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 1312–1321, 2023, doi: 10.1002/jcsm.13223.
[11] Z. Y. Xu, D. F. Gao, K. Xu, Z. Q. Zhou, and Y. K. Guo, “The effect of posture on maximum grip strength measurements,” J. Clin. Densitom., vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 638–644, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.jocd.2021.01.005.
[12] R. Ramírez-Vélez, D. Rincón-Pabón, J. E. Correa-Bautista, A. García-Hermoso, and M. Izquierdo, “Handgrip strength: Normative reference values in males and females aged 6–64 years old in a Colombian population,” Clin. Nutr. ESPEN, vol. 44, pp. 379–386, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.05.009.
[13] I. Bimali, R. Opsana, and S. Jeebika, “Normative reference values on handgrip strength among healthy adults of Dhulikhel, Nepal: A cross-sectional study,” J. Family Med. Prim. Care, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 310–314, 2020, doi: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_785_19.
[14] Y. C. Wang, R. W. Bohannon, X. Li, B. Sindhu, and J. Kapellusch, “Hand-grip strength: normative reference values and equations for individuals 18 to 85 years of age residing in the United States,” J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther., vol. 48, no. 9, pp. 685–693, 2018, doi: 10.2519/jospt.2018.7851.
[15] R. M. Dodds et al., “Grip strength across the life course: normative data from twelve British studies,” PLoS One, vol. 9, no. 12, p. e113637, 2014, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113637.
[16] K. Rajendran, S. Thamburaj, K. S. Abudaheer, and I. A. Thiruvevenkadam, “Comparison of hand grip strength in different positions of shoulder with elbow in 90° flexion and 0° extension positions,” Int. J. Health Sci. Res., vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 245–253, 2016.
[17] N. U. Abd Aziz, N. Osman, N. A. Rosman, N. K. A. Talip, C. Chinnasee, and A. M. Nadzalan, “The effects of elbow flexion angles on handgrip force production among trained women,” Int. J. Innov. Technol. Explor. Eng., vol. 21, pp. 0–93, 2019.
[18] R. P. Mullerpatan, G. Karnik, and R. John, “Grip and pinch strength: Normative data for healthy Indian adults,” Hand Ther., vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 11–16, 2013, doi: 10.1177/1758998313479874.
[19] S. De, P. Sengupta, P. Maity, A. Pal, and P. C. Dhara, “Effect of body posture on hand grip strength in adult Bengalee population,” J. Exerc. Sci. Physiother., vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 79–88, 2011.
[20] M. H. Jaafar et al., “Normative reference values and predicting factors of handgrip strength for dominant and non-dominant hands among healthy Malay adults in Malaysia,” BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., vol. 24, no. 1, p. 74, 2023, doi: 10.1186/s12891-023-06181-8.
[21] F. M. Moy, A. Darus, and N. N. Hairi, “Predictors of handgrip strength among adults of a rural community in Malaysia,” Asia Pac. J. Public Health, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 176–184, 2015.
[22] A. Z. A. Zahudi, J. Usman, and N. A. A. Osman, “Relationship of anthropometric measurement and handgrip strength in Malaysian recreational tenpin bowlers,” Pedagogy Phys. Cult. Sports, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 131–138, 2023.
[23] M. T. Hossain Parash, H. B. Khazri, Z. A. Mustapha, and S. C. Shimmi, “Predicting handgrip power of young adult population among major ethnic groups of Sabah: a multivariate analysis,” J. Physiol. Anthropol., vol. 41, no. 1, p. 23, 2022, doi: 10.1186/s40101-022-00297-x.
[24] J. J. Nor, N. N. Ummi, C. D. A. M. Asyraf, O. Norashiken, and A. F. Salleh, “Investigation on young adult hand grip strength,” Malays. J. Public Health Med., vol. 20, no. Special 1, pp. 45–50, 2020.
[25] M. G. Hossain, R. Zyroul, B. P. Pereira, and T. Kamarul, “Multiple regression analysis of factors influencing dominant hand grip strength in an adult Malaysian population,” J. Hand Surg. Eur. Vol., vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 65–70, 2012.
[26] D. D. Daruis, N. A. Khamis, I. Halim, R. Z. Umar, and M. S. Mohamed, “2H1-3 Malaysian young adult female hand grip strength,” Jpn. J. Ergon., vol. 55, Suppl., p. 2H1-3, 2019.
[27] A. D. Saifuzzaman et al., “Relationship between demographic characteristics and hand grip measurement of students in UTMKL,” J. Adv. Res. Appl. Mech., vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 9–19, 2017.
[28] C. Charoensri, C. Boonsiripitakul, B. Ponintawong, and A. Foongchomcheay, “A normative study of grip strength in Thai healthy adult and elderly,” Physiotherapy, vol. 101, pp. e215–e216, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.physio.2015.03.384.
[29] N. S. M. Salim, E. G. L. Tan, M. N. I. Shafee, S. Z. A. Rahman, and S. Sarah, “Development of normative data for grip strength between genders of the Malaysian working-age population: Preliminary study,” J. Occup. Saf. Health, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 23–34, 2021.
[30] S. Q. Kang, S. Harith, Y. Q. Ong, and B. N. Mohd, “Association between hand grip strength and health-related quality of life among Malaysian middle-aged adults,” Int. J. Acad. Res. Bus. Soc. Sci., vol. 11, no. 19, pp. 158–168, 2021, doi: 10.6007/IJARBSS/V11-I19/11724.
[31] A. Siddharta, “Size of the labor force in Malaysia in 2023, by age group,” Statista, Jun. 26, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.statista.com/statistics/873525/labor-force-participation-in-malaysia-by-age/
[32] A. Walderich, “Labor force participation rate in Thailand in the 3rd quarter of 2024, by age group,” Statista, Aug. 8, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1289203/thailand-labor-force-participation-rate-by-age/
[33] A. Quattrocchi et al., “Handgrip strength in health applications: A review of the measurement methodologies and influencing factors,” Sensors, vol. 24, no. 16, p. 5100, 2024, doi: 10.3390/s24165100.
[34] J. V. Bellace, D. Healy, M. P. Besser, T. Byron, and L. Hohman, “Validity of the Dexter Evaluation System’s Jamar dynamometer attachment for assessment of hand grip strength in a normal population,” J. Hand Ther., vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 46–51, 2000.
[35] E. E. Fess and C. Moran, “Clinical Assessment Recommendations,” American Society of Hand Therapists (ASHT), 1981.
[36]P. Nawangsasi, V. P. Kalanjati, R. Irawan, and N. W. Tirtaningsih, “Correlation of hand grip strength and body height amongst young adults in Indonesia,” Malays. J. Med. Health Sci., vol. 17, no. Suppl. 2, pp. 9–12, 2021.
[37] Y. L. Lee, B. H. Lee, and S. Y. Lee, “Handgrip strength in the Korean population: normative data and cutoff values,” Ann. Geriatr. Med. Res., vol. 23, no. 4, p. 183, 2019, doi: 10.4235/agmr.19.0042.
[38] R. Yu, S. Ong, O. Cheung, J. Leung, and J. Woo, “Reference values of grip strength, prevalence of low grip strength, and factors affecting grip strength values in Chinese adults,” J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc., vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 551.e9–551.e16, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2017.03.006.
[39] M. Ekşioğlu, “Normative static grip strength of population of Turkey, effects of various factors and a comparison with international norms,” Appl. Ergon., vol. 52, pp. 8–17, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.apergo.2015.06.023.
[40] N. M. Massy-Westropp, T. K. Gill, A. W. Taylor, R. W. Bohannon, and C. L. Hill, “Hand grip strength: age and gender stratified normative data in a population-based study,” BMC Res. Notes, vol. 4, pp. 1–5, 2011, doi: 10.1186/1756-0500-4-127.
[41] J. Ruiz-Ruiz, J. L. M. Mesa, A. Gutiérrez, and M. J. Castillo, “Hand size influences optimal grip span in women but not in men,” J. Hand Surg. Am., vol. 27, no. 6, pp. 897–901, 2002, doi: 10.1053/jhsu.2002.35883.
[42] T. Watanabe and K. Owashi, “The relationship between hand size and grip strength in young adults,” J. Hand Ther., vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 199–205, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.jht.2018.02.008.
[43] D. P. Leong et al., “Prognostic value of grip strength: Findings from the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study,” Lancet, vol. 386, no. 9990, pp. 266–273, 2016, doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62000-6.
[44] S. Koley and J. Singh, “Anthropometric and physiological characteristics on Indian inter-university female volleyball players,” J. Hum. Sport Exerc., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 93–101, 2009, doi: 10.4100/jhse.2009.42.02.
[45] P. Petersen, M. Petrick, H. Connor, and D. Conklin, “Grip strength and hand dominance: Challenging the 10% rule,” Am. J. Occup. Ther., vol. 43, no. 7, pp. 444–447, 2015, doi: 10.5014/ajot.43.7.444.
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- Attribution (BY): You must give appropriate credit to the author(s) and JOSI as the original source of publication (including the article title, author(s) names, journal name, volume, issue, page numbers, year, and DOI), provide a link to the CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
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A link to the full license text should also be provided: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
Funding data
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Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University
Grant numbers ENG6704146S -
Fakulti Kejuruteraan Pembuatan, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
Grant numbers ANTARABANGSA(IRMG)-PSU/2025/FTKIP/A00082