Integrating Statistical Modelling and Financial Analysis to Optimize Bioethanol Production
Main Article Content
Keywords
bioethanol production, chrysophyllum albidum, process optimization, financial analysis, full factorial design
Abstract
The growing demand for sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels has positioned bioethanol as a promising renewable energy source. However, few studies integrate factorial and regression-based process optimization with scalable financial analysis to valorize underutilized Chrysophyllum albidum (African star apple) for bioethanol production, limiting comprehensive frameworks that link process efficiency to economic feasibility. This study re-analysed an existing experimental dataset on bioethanol production from C. albidum to evaluate strategies for improving decision-making through integrated statistical modelling and scalable financial analysis. Four key process factors quantified for their effects on the ethanol yield were pH, yeast dosage (YD), fermentation time (FT), and incubation temperature (IT). A full factorial design coupled with regression modelling revealed that pH was the dominant factor, followed by YD and FT, while IT had a minimal effect. IT was excluded to refine the model, which subsequently demonstrated high predictive power within the specified design space (R² = 0.972, Adj. R² = 0.948). Informed by the statistical trade-off between FT and yield, a financial impact assessment compared two runs of optimized condition (pH 5.0, YD 4.5% wt/v, IT 35°C, FT 72 h) with three runs of an alternative scenario (pH 5.0, YD 4.5% wt/v, IT 35°C, FT 24 h) revealed by the statistical analysis. Crucially, the financial analysis demonstrated that the technically optimized condition was not the most economical; the alternative scenario delivered a lower unit cost. The findings underscore the importance of integrating process optimization with cost analysis to identify conditions that balance technical yield with financial sustainability for scalable bioethanol production, demonstrated here through a scenario-based financial comparison framework applied to underutilized African star apple.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
[1] M. Manfroni, S. G. F. Bukkens, and M. Giampietro, “The declining performance of the oil sector: Implications for global climate change mitigation,” Appl. Energy, vol. 298, p. 117210, Sept. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117210.
[2] X. Pang et al., “The dead line for oil and gas and implication for fossil resource prediction,” Earth Syst. Sci. Data, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 577–590, Mar. 2020, doi: 10.5194/essd-12-577-2020.
[3] M. A. Yaverino-Gutiérrez et al., “Perspectives and Progress in Bioethanol Processing and Social Economic Impacts,” Sustainability, vol. 16, no. 2, p. 608, Jan. 2024, doi: 10.3390/su16020608.
[4] I. Edeh, “Bioethanol Production: An Overview,” in Bioethanol Technologies, F. Inambao, Ed., IntechOpen, 2021. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.94895.
[5] H. Zabed, J. N. Sahu, A. Suely, A. N. Boyce, and G. Faruq, “Bioethanol production from renewable sources: Current perspectives and technological progress,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 71, pp. 475–501, May 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2016.12.076.
[6] J. Li, R. Zhao, Y. Xu, X. Wu, S. R. Bean, and D. Wang, “Fuel ethanol production from starchy grain and other crops: An overview on feedstocks, affecting factors, and technical advances,” Renew. Energy, vol. 188, pp. 223–239, Apr. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2022.02.038.
[7] S. Minteer, Alcoholic Fuels, 1st ed. CRC Press, 2016. doi: 10.1201/9781420020700.
[8] T. Mizik, “Economic Aspects and Sustainability of Ethanol Production—A Systematic Literature Review,” Energies, vol. 14, no. 19, p. 6137, Sept. 2021, doi: 10.3390/en14196137.
[9] S. Featherstone, A Complete Course in Canning and Related Processes. Elsevier, 2016. doi: 10.1016/C2013-0-16340-4.
[10] O. O. Aboaba, S. I. Smith, and F. O. Olude, “Antibacterial Effect of Edible Plant Extract on Escherichia coli 0157:H7,” Pak. J. Nutr., vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 325–327, June 2006, doi: 10.3923/pjn.2006.325.327.
[11] C. M. Igwebuike, S. Awad, and Y. Andrès, “Renewable Energy Potential: Second-Generation Biomass as Feedstock for Bioethanol Production,” Molecules, vol. 29, no. 7, p. 1619, Apr. 2024, doi: 10.3390/molecules29071619.
[12] S. Y. Adaganti, V. S. Yaliwal, B. M. Kulkarni, G. P. Desai, and N. R. Banapurmath, “Factors Affecting Bioethanol Production from Lignocellulosic Biomass (Calliandra calothyrsus),” Waste Biomass Valorization, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 963–971, Dec. 2014, doi: 10.1007/s12649-014-9305-8.
[13] A. Tesfaw, E. T. Oner, and F. Assefa, “Optimization of ethanol production using newly isolated ethanologenic yeasts,” Biochem. Biophys. Rep., vol. 25, p. 100886, Mar. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2020.100886.
[14] D. C. Montgomery, Design and analysis of experiments, Ninth edition. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2017.
[15] O. O. Akinsete and H. O. Aliu, “Experimental and factorial design analysis of viscosity and fluid loss control of water-based mud treated with pineapple leaves,” Egypt. J. Pet., vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 57–64, Mar. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.ejpe.2023.02.003.
[16] S. Altınışık, F. U. Nigiz, S. Gürdal, K. Yılmaz, N. B. Tuncel, and S. Koyuncu, “Optimization of bioethanol production from sugar beet processing by-product molasses using response surface methodology,” Biomass Convers. Biorefinery, vol. 15, no. 7, pp. 9875–9888, Apr. 2025, doi: 10.1007/s13399-024-05786-w.
[17] D. Amaefule et al., “Effect of Production Factors on the Bioethanol Yield of Tropical Sawdust,” Int. J. Energy Res., vol. 2023, pp. 1–10, Apr. 2023, doi: 10.1155/2023/9983840.
[18] H. O. Ibrahim, O. Osilesi, O. O. Adebawo, F. D. Onajobi, K. O. Karigidi, and L. B. Muhammad, “Nutrients Compositions and Phytochemical Contents of Edible Parts of Chrysophyllum albidum Fruit,” J. Nutr. Food Sci., vol. 07, no. 02, 2017, doi: 10.4172/2155-9600.1000579.
[19] F. A. Bello and A. A. Henry, “Storage effects and the postharvest quality of African star apple fruits (Chrysophyllum africanum) under ambient conditions,” Afr. J. Food Sci. Technol., vol. 06, no. 01, 2015, doi: 10.14303/ajfst.2015.011.
[20] O. M. Odeyemi and O. A. Fawole, “African Star Apple ( Chrysophyllum albidum ),” in Handbook of Phytonutrients in Indigenous Fruits and Vegetables, D. Sivakumar, M. Netzel, and Y. Sultanbawa, Eds., GB: CABI, 2022, pp. 376–389. doi: 10.1079/9781789248067.0026.
[21] O. M. Abel, A. S. Chinelo, I. Cynthia, and G. K. Agbajor, “Evaluation of African Star Apple (Chrysophyllum albidum) Seed Oil as a Potential Feedstock for Industrial Application,” Asian J. Appl. Chem. Res., pp. 31–42, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.9734/ajacr/2020/v7i130174.
[22] D. V. Adegunloye, T. M. Olotu, I. A. Sanusi, and E. M. Sanni, “Preliminary Assessment of African Star Apple Seeds (Chrysophyllum Albidum) as Potential Feedstock for Production of Bioethanol,” Daffodil Int. Univ. J. Sci. Technol., vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 1–5, 2022.
[23] G. D. A. Minussi et al., “Transforming orange waste with yeasts: bioprocess prospects,” Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Ambient., vol. 59, p. e1859, Apr. 2024, doi: 10.5327/Z2176-94781859.
[24] S. T. Mgeni, L. A. Mtashobya, and J. K. Emmanuel, “Bioethanol production from pineapple fruit waste juice using bakery yeast,” Heliyon, vol. 10, no. 19, p. e38172, Oct. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e38172.
[25] G. H. Klein et al., “Utilization of banana peel waste for the production of bioethanol and other high-value-added compounds,” Food Humanity, vol. 3, p. 100376, Dec. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.foohum.2024.100376.
[26] J. B. Omoolorun, F. T. Afolabi, S. E. Olufemi, and S. M. Adeyemo, “Bioethanol Production from Decaying Oranges and Pineapple Juice Using Ethanol Tolerant-Yeast,” J. Adv. Biol. Biotechnol., vol. 26, no. 11, pp. 33–49, Dec. 2023, doi: 10.9734/jabb/2023/v26i11665.
[27] N. Sorour et al., “Biofuel production by Candida tropicalis from orange peels waste using response surface methodology,” Potravinarstvo Slovak J. Food Sci., vol. 17, pp. 862–885, Nov. 2023, doi: 10.5219/1913.
[28] I. Zah, Y. Tsukuda, Y. Yamaguchi, A. Ogita, and K. Fujita, “Persimmon tannin promotes the growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae under ethanol stress,” J. Sci. Food Agric., vol. 104, no. 10, pp. 6118–6126, Aug. 2024, doi: 10.1002/jsfa.13439.
[29] S. H. Mohd Azhar et al., “Yeasts in sustainable bioethanol production: A review,” Biochem. Biophys. Rep., vol. 10, pp. 52–61, July 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2017.03.003.
[30] F. Da Silva Fernandes, É. S. De Souza, L. M. Carneiro, J. P. Alves Silva, J. V. B. De Souza, and J. Da Silva Batista, “Current Ethanol Production Requirements for the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae,” Int. J. Microbiol., vol. 2022, pp. 1–14, Aug. 2022, doi: 10.1155/2022/7878830.
[31] N. J. Ogbodo, C. Esonye, and M. Omotioma, “Assessment of African star apple (chrysophyllum albidum) fruit pulp as a potential feedstock for bioethanol production,” J. Niger. Soc. Chem. Eng., vol. 38, no. 1, 2023, [Online]. Available: https://www.nsche.org/Journal/assets/JNSChE/2023%20Edition/Articles/ASSESSMENT_OF_AFRICAN_STAR_APPLE_(CHRYSOPHYLL_6870.pdf
[32] N. Sh. El-Gendy, H. R. Madian, and S. S. A. Amr, “Design and Optimization of a Process for Sugarcane Molasses Fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae Using Response Surface Methodology,” Int. J. Microbiol., vol. 2013, pp. 1–9, 2013, doi: 10.1155/2013/815631.
[33] T. DATAtab, Online Statistics Calculator. (2025). DATAtab e.U., Graz, Austria. [Online]. Available: https://datatab.net
[34] E. Timmermans, A. Bautil, K. Brijs, I. Scheirlinck, R. Van Der Meulen, and C. M. Courtin, “Sugar Levels Determine Fermentation Dynamics during Yeast Pastry Making and Its Impact on Dough and Product Characteristics,” Foods, vol. 11, no. 10, p. 1388, May 2022, doi: 10.3390/foods11101388.
[35] T. Tadesse, D. Dase, A. D. Koricha, and K. Bacha, “Optimization of Bioethanol Production Using Response Surface Methodology for Stress‐Tolerant Wild Yeasts Isolated from Natural Forests,” Int. J. Energy Res., vol. 2024, no. 1, p. 7086047, Jan. 2024, doi: 10.1155/2024/7086047.
[36] V. L. Belini, G. A. P. Caurin, P. Wiedemann, and H. Suhr, “Yeast fermentation of sugarcane for ethanol production: Can it be monitored by using in situ microscopy?,” Braz. J. Chem. Eng., vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 949–959, Oct. 2017, doi: 10.1590/0104-6632.2017034420160162.
[37] E. Hawaz et al., “Optimization of bioethanol production from sugarcane molasses by the response surface methodology using Meyerozyma caribbica isolate MJTm3,” Ann. Microbiol., vol. 73, no. 1, p. 2, Jan. 2023, doi: 10.1186/s13213-022-01706-3.
[38] H. Mohamed, A. A. Mervat, A. E. Seham, and H. E. Hussein, “Factors Affecting Bioethanol Production from Hydrolyzed Bagasse,” Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. IJARBS, vol. 3, no. 9, pp. 130–138, Sept. 2016, doi: 10.22192/ijarbs.2016.03.09.019.
[39] B. Suleiman, S. A. Abdulkareem, E. A. Afolabi, U. Musa, I. A. Mohammed, and T. A. Eyikanmi, “Optimization of bioethanol production from nigerian sugarcane juice using factorial design,” Adv. Energy Res., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 69–86, Mar. 2016, doi: 10.12989/ERI.2016.4.1.069.
[40] D. G. Adekanmi and A. E. Olowofoyeku, “African Star Apple: Potentials and Application of Some Indigenous Species in Nigeria,” J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manag., vol. 24, no. 8, pp. 1307–1314, Sept. 2020, doi: 10.4314/jasem.v24i8.1.
[2] X. Pang et al., “The dead line for oil and gas and implication for fossil resource prediction,” Earth Syst. Sci. Data, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 577–590, Mar. 2020, doi: 10.5194/essd-12-577-2020.
[3] M. A. Yaverino-Gutiérrez et al., “Perspectives and Progress in Bioethanol Processing and Social Economic Impacts,” Sustainability, vol. 16, no. 2, p. 608, Jan. 2024, doi: 10.3390/su16020608.
[4] I. Edeh, “Bioethanol Production: An Overview,” in Bioethanol Technologies, F. Inambao, Ed., IntechOpen, 2021. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.94895.
[5] H. Zabed, J. N. Sahu, A. Suely, A. N. Boyce, and G. Faruq, “Bioethanol production from renewable sources: Current perspectives and technological progress,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 71, pp. 475–501, May 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2016.12.076.
[6] J. Li, R. Zhao, Y. Xu, X. Wu, S. R. Bean, and D. Wang, “Fuel ethanol production from starchy grain and other crops: An overview on feedstocks, affecting factors, and technical advances,” Renew. Energy, vol. 188, pp. 223–239, Apr. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2022.02.038.
[7] S. Minteer, Alcoholic Fuels, 1st ed. CRC Press, 2016. doi: 10.1201/9781420020700.
[8] T. Mizik, “Economic Aspects and Sustainability of Ethanol Production—A Systematic Literature Review,” Energies, vol. 14, no. 19, p. 6137, Sept. 2021, doi: 10.3390/en14196137.
[9] S. Featherstone, A Complete Course in Canning and Related Processes. Elsevier, 2016. doi: 10.1016/C2013-0-16340-4.
[10] O. O. Aboaba, S. I. Smith, and F. O. Olude, “Antibacterial Effect of Edible Plant Extract on Escherichia coli 0157:H7,” Pak. J. Nutr., vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 325–327, June 2006, doi: 10.3923/pjn.2006.325.327.
[11] C. M. Igwebuike, S. Awad, and Y. Andrès, “Renewable Energy Potential: Second-Generation Biomass as Feedstock for Bioethanol Production,” Molecules, vol. 29, no. 7, p. 1619, Apr. 2024, doi: 10.3390/molecules29071619.
[12] S. Y. Adaganti, V. S. Yaliwal, B. M. Kulkarni, G. P. Desai, and N. R. Banapurmath, “Factors Affecting Bioethanol Production from Lignocellulosic Biomass (Calliandra calothyrsus),” Waste Biomass Valorization, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 963–971, Dec. 2014, doi: 10.1007/s12649-014-9305-8.
[13] A. Tesfaw, E. T. Oner, and F. Assefa, “Optimization of ethanol production using newly isolated ethanologenic yeasts,” Biochem. Biophys. Rep., vol. 25, p. 100886, Mar. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2020.100886.
[14] D. C. Montgomery, Design and analysis of experiments, Ninth edition. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2017.
[15] O. O. Akinsete and H. O. Aliu, “Experimental and factorial design analysis of viscosity and fluid loss control of water-based mud treated with pineapple leaves,” Egypt. J. Pet., vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 57–64, Mar. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.ejpe.2023.02.003.
[16] S. Altınışık, F. U. Nigiz, S. Gürdal, K. Yılmaz, N. B. Tuncel, and S. Koyuncu, “Optimization of bioethanol production from sugar beet processing by-product molasses using response surface methodology,” Biomass Convers. Biorefinery, vol. 15, no. 7, pp. 9875–9888, Apr. 2025, doi: 10.1007/s13399-024-05786-w.
[17] D. Amaefule et al., “Effect of Production Factors on the Bioethanol Yield of Tropical Sawdust,” Int. J. Energy Res., vol. 2023, pp. 1–10, Apr. 2023, doi: 10.1155/2023/9983840.
[18] H. O. Ibrahim, O. Osilesi, O. O. Adebawo, F. D. Onajobi, K. O. Karigidi, and L. B. Muhammad, “Nutrients Compositions and Phytochemical Contents of Edible Parts of Chrysophyllum albidum Fruit,” J. Nutr. Food Sci., vol. 07, no. 02, 2017, doi: 10.4172/2155-9600.1000579.
[19] F. A. Bello and A. A. Henry, “Storage effects and the postharvest quality of African star apple fruits (Chrysophyllum africanum) under ambient conditions,” Afr. J. Food Sci. Technol., vol. 06, no. 01, 2015, doi: 10.14303/ajfst.2015.011.
[20] O. M. Odeyemi and O. A. Fawole, “African Star Apple ( Chrysophyllum albidum ),” in Handbook of Phytonutrients in Indigenous Fruits and Vegetables, D. Sivakumar, M. Netzel, and Y. Sultanbawa, Eds., GB: CABI, 2022, pp. 376–389. doi: 10.1079/9781789248067.0026.
[21] O. M. Abel, A. S. Chinelo, I. Cynthia, and G. K. Agbajor, “Evaluation of African Star Apple (Chrysophyllum albidum) Seed Oil as a Potential Feedstock for Industrial Application,” Asian J. Appl. Chem. Res., pp. 31–42, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.9734/ajacr/2020/v7i130174.
[22] D. V. Adegunloye, T. M. Olotu, I. A. Sanusi, and E. M. Sanni, “Preliminary Assessment of African Star Apple Seeds (Chrysophyllum Albidum) as Potential Feedstock for Production of Bioethanol,” Daffodil Int. Univ. J. Sci. Technol., vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 1–5, 2022.
[23] G. D. A. Minussi et al., “Transforming orange waste with yeasts: bioprocess prospects,” Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Ambient., vol. 59, p. e1859, Apr. 2024, doi: 10.5327/Z2176-94781859.
[24] S. T. Mgeni, L. A. Mtashobya, and J. K. Emmanuel, “Bioethanol production from pineapple fruit waste juice using bakery yeast,” Heliyon, vol. 10, no. 19, p. e38172, Oct. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e38172.
[25] G. H. Klein et al., “Utilization of banana peel waste for the production of bioethanol and other high-value-added compounds,” Food Humanity, vol. 3, p. 100376, Dec. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.foohum.2024.100376.
[26] J. B. Omoolorun, F. T. Afolabi, S. E. Olufemi, and S. M. Adeyemo, “Bioethanol Production from Decaying Oranges and Pineapple Juice Using Ethanol Tolerant-Yeast,” J. Adv. Biol. Biotechnol., vol. 26, no. 11, pp. 33–49, Dec. 2023, doi: 10.9734/jabb/2023/v26i11665.
[27] N. Sorour et al., “Biofuel production by Candida tropicalis from orange peels waste using response surface methodology,” Potravinarstvo Slovak J. Food Sci., vol. 17, pp. 862–885, Nov. 2023, doi: 10.5219/1913.
[28] I. Zah, Y. Tsukuda, Y. Yamaguchi, A. Ogita, and K. Fujita, “Persimmon tannin promotes the growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae under ethanol stress,” J. Sci. Food Agric., vol. 104, no. 10, pp. 6118–6126, Aug. 2024, doi: 10.1002/jsfa.13439.
[29] S. H. Mohd Azhar et al., “Yeasts in sustainable bioethanol production: A review,” Biochem. Biophys. Rep., vol. 10, pp. 52–61, July 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2017.03.003.
[30] F. Da Silva Fernandes, É. S. De Souza, L. M. Carneiro, J. P. Alves Silva, J. V. B. De Souza, and J. Da Silva Batista, “Current Ethanol Production Requirements for the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae,” Int. J. Microbiol., vol. 2022, pp. 1–14, Aug. 2022, doi: 10.1155/2022/7878830.
[31] N. J. Ogbodo, C. Esonye, and M. Omotioma, “Assessment of African star apple (chrysophyllum albidum) fruit pulp as a potential feedstock for bioethanol production,” J. Niger. Soc. Chem. Eng., vol. 38, no. 1, 2023, [Online]. Available: https://www.nsche.org/Journal/assets/JNSChE/2023%20Edition/Articles/ASSESSMENT_OF_AFRICAN_STAR_APPLE_(CHRYSOPHYLL_6870.pdf
[32] N. Sh. El-Gendy, H. R. Madian, and S. S. A. Amr, “Design and Optimization of a Process for Sugarcane Molasses Fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae Using Response Surface Methodology,” Int. J. Microbiol., vol. 2013, pp. 1–9, 2013, doi: 10.1155/2013/815631.
[33] T. DATAtab, Online Statistics Calculator. (2025). DATAtab e.U., Graz, Austria. [Online]. Available: https://datatab.net
[34] E. Timmermans, A. Bautil, K. Brijs, I. Scheirlinck, R. Van Der Meulen, and C. M. Courtin, “Sugar Levels Determine Fermentation Dynamics during Yeast Pastry Making and Its Impact on Dough and Product Characteristics,” Foods, vol. 11, no. 10, p. 1388, May 2022, doi: 10.3390/foods11101388.
[35] T. Tadesse, D. Dase, A. D. Koricha, and K. Bacha, “Optimization of Bioethanol Production Using Response Surface Methodology for Stress‐Tolerant Wild Yeasts Isolated from Natural Forests,” Int. J. Energy Res., vol. 2024, no. 1, p. 7086047, Jan. 2024, doi: 10.1155/2024/7086047.
[36] V. L. Belini, G. A. P. Caurin, P. Wiedemann, and H. Suhr, “Yeast fermentation of sugarcane for ethanol production: Can it be monitored by using in situ microscopy?,” Braz. J. Chem. Eng., vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 949–959, Oct. 2017, doi: 10.1590/0104-6632.2017034420160162.
[37] E. Hawaz et al., “Optimization of bioethanol production from sugarcane molasses by the response surface methodology using Meyerozyma caribbica isolate MJTm3,” Ann. Microbiol., vol. 73, no. 1, p. 2, Jan. 2023, doi: 10.1186/s13213-022-01706-3.
[38] H. Mohamed, A. A. Mervat, A. E. Seham, and H. E. Hussein, “Factors Affecting Bioethanol Production from Hydrolyzed Bagasse,” Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. IJARBS, vol. 3, no. 9, pp. 130–138, Sept. 2016, doi: 10.22192/ijarbs.2016.03.09.019.
[39] B. Suleiman, S. A. Abdulkareem, E. A. Afolabi, U. Musa, I. A. Mohammed, and T. A. Eyikanmi, “Optimization of bioethanol production from nigerian sugarcane juice using factorial design,” Adv. Energy Res., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 69–86, Mar. 2016, doi: 10.12989/ERI.2016.4.1.069.
[40] D. G. Adekanmi and A. E. Olowofoyeku, “African Star Apple: Potentials and Application of Some Indigenous Species in Nigeria,” J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manag., vol. 24, no. 8, pp. 1307–1314, Sept. 2020, doi: 10.4314/jasem.v24i8.1.
Article Sidebar
Published
Jun 30, 2026
Article Details
How to Cite
[1]
A. Y. Ademola, H. O. Aliu, B. N. Brown, and A. A. Abdussalam, “Integrating Statistical Modelling and Financial Analysis to Optimize Bioethanol Production”, J. Optimasi Sist. Ind., vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 152–173, Jun. 2026.
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Copyright Ownership
- Authors who publish their articles in Jurnal Optimasi Sistem Industri (JOSI) retain full copyright of their work.
- JOSI does not require authors to transfer their copyright to the journal or its publisher, Universitas Andalas. The authors grant JOSI a license for first publication.
All articles published in Jurnal Optimasi Sistem Industri (JOSI) are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) license.
This means that users are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format.
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material.
Under the following terms:
- Attribution (BY): You must give appropriate credit to the author(s) and JOSI as the original source of publication (including the article title, author(s) names, journal name, volume, issue, page numbers, year, and DOI), provide a link to the CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- NonCommercial (NC): You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
- ShareAlike (SA): If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license as the original.
A link to the full license text should also be provided: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
